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In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, two additional developments enforced the hierarchy. First, the definition of a transparent category of ‘fine arts’ split aesthetic creativity away from the mere craft expertise of the mechanical arts. Second, the relationship of ‘science’ to industry was subject to considerable boundary work as scientists and engineers professionalized. But that doesn't mean that ‘technology’ as an analytical class must be the same. A well-chosen definition might not solely help as a historian’s analytical category but additionally serve for sociologists and philosophers. While I absolutely sympathize with the goal to oppose technological determinism – and who wouldn’t? First, the cultural approach’s definition of know-how is so capacious as to be nearly ineffective. Imagine a solar-powered lantern that you just would possibly take tenting with an umbilical twine to an influence source with connections to myriad kinds of telephones. The inability to c